What Body of Water Connects Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean

Locks and canals in the USA and Canada

St. Lawrence Seaway
Specifications
Length	370 miles (600 km)
Maximum boat length	740 ft 0 in (225.half-dozen thou)
Maximum boat axle	78 ft 0 in (23.8 m)
Maximum boat draft	12.v chiliad (downstream of Quebec City), ten.7 grand (Quebec City to Deschaillons), 11.iii m (Deschaillons to Montreal), 8.2 grand (upstream of Montreal)
Locks	fifteen
Maximum height above sea level	570 ft (170 grand)
Status	Open
History
Construction began	1954
Date of first apply	April 25
Date completed	1959
Geography
Showtime signal	Port Colborne, Ontario
Finish point	Montreal, Quebec

St. Lawrence Seaway separated navigation channel by Montreal.

The St. Lawrence Seaway (French: la Voie Maritime du Saint-Laurent) is a system of locks, canals, and channels in Canada and the The states that permits oceangoing vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Smashing Lakes of North America, as far inland equally Duluth, Minnesota, at the western end of Lake Superior. The seaway is named for the St. Lawrence River, which flows from Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. Legally, the seaway extends from Montreal, Quebec, to Lake Erie, and includes the Welland Culvert.

The St. Lawrence River portion of the seaway is not a continuous culvert; rather, it consists of several stretches of navigable channels within the river, a number of locks, and canals along the banks of the St. Lawrence River to bypass several rapids and dams. A number of the locks are managed by the St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation in Canada, and others in the United states past the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation; the two bodies together advertise the seaway as part of "Highway H₂O".^[ane] The department of the river from Montreal to the Atlantic is under Canadian jurisdiction, regulated by the offices of Ship Canada in the Port of Quebec.

History [edit]

The St. Lawrence Seaway was preceded by several other canals. In 1871, locks on the St. Lawrence allowed transit of vessels 186 ft (57 m) long, 44 ft vi in (13.56 k) wide, and 9 ft (two.vii m) deep. The Outset Welland Canal, constructed between 1824 and 1829, had a minimum lock size of 110 ft (34 1000) long, 22 ft (6.7 one thousand) wide, and viii ft (ii.4 1000) deep, just it was generally too pocket-size to let passage of larger oceangoing ships. The Welland Canal's minimum lock size was increased to 150 ft (46 m) long, 26.5 ft (8.1 m) wide, and nine ft (ii.7 m) deep for the 2d Welland Canal; to 270 ft (82 m) long, 45 ft (14 yard) wide, and 14 ft (4.3 thou) deep with the Third Welland Canal; and to 766 ft (233 chiliad) long, fourscore ft (24 m) wide, and xxx ft (9.i grand) deep for the current (Fourth) Welland Canal.^[2]

The commencement proposals for a binational comprehensive deep waterway along the St. Lawrence were fabricated in the 1890s. In the following decades, developers proposed a hydropower projection equally inseparable from the seaway; the various governments and seaway supporters believed the deeper water to be created past the hydro projection was necessary to brand the seaway channels feasible for oceangoing ships. U.S. proposals for development up to and including the First World War met with niggling interest from the Canadian federal government. But the two national governments submitted St. Lawrence plans to a group for study. By the early 1920s, both The Wooten-Bowden Report and the International Articulation Committee recommended the project.

Although the Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie Rex was reluctant to proceed, in part because of opposition to the project in Quebec, in 1932 he and the U.S. representative signed a treaty of intent. This treaty was submitted to the U.S. Senate in Nov 1932 and hearings connected until a vote was taken on March 14, 1934. The majority voted in favor of the treaty, but information technology failed to gain the necessary two-thirds vote for ratification. Later attempts between the governments in the 1930s to forge an understanding came to naught due to opposition by the Ontario government of Mitchell Hepburn and the government of Quebec.^{[ citation needed ]} In 1936, John C. Beukema, head of the Great Lakes Harbors Clan and a member of the Great Lakes Tidewater Commission, was amongst a delegation of 8 from the Smashing Lakes states to run into at the White Business firm with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt to obtain his support for the seaway concept.

Beukema and St. Lawrence Seaway proponents were convinced a nautical link would pb to the development of the communities and economies of the Keen Lakes region by permitting the passage of oceangoing ships. In this catamenia, exports of grain, along with other commodities, to Europe were an of import role of the national economy. Negotiations on the treaty resumed in 1938, and by January 1940 substantial agreement was reached between Canada and the Us. By 1941, President Roosevelt and Prime number Government minister Mackenzie Rex made an executive agreement to build the articulation hydro and navigation works, but this failed to receive the assent of the U.Due south. Congress. Proposals for the seaway were met with resistance; the principal opposition came from interests representing harbors on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and internal waterways and from the railroad associations. The railroads carried freight and goods between the coastal ports and the Slap-up Lakes cities.

After 1945, proposals to introduce tolls to the seaway were not sufficient to gain support for the project past the U.South. Congress. Growing impatient, and with Ontario desperate for the power to exist generated by hydroelectricity, Canada began to consider developing the project alone. This seized the imagination of Canadians, engendering a groundswell of nationalism around the St. Lawrence. Canadian Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent brash U.Southward. President Harry Southward. Truman on September 28, 1951, that Canada was unwilling to wait for the United States and would build a seaway solitary; the Canadian Parliament authorized the founding of the St. Lawrence Seaway Potency on December 21 of that year. Fueled by this support, Saint Laurent'south administration decided during 1951 and 1952 to construct the waterway lonely, combined with the Moses-Saunders Power Dam. (This became the articulation responsibility of Ontario and New York: as a hydropower dam would change the water levels, it required bilateral cooperation.)

The International Joint Commission issued an order of approval for joint construction of the dam in October 1952. U.S. Senate debate on the nib began on January 12, 1953, and the nib emerged from the House of Representatives Committee of Public Works on Feb 22, 1954. Information technology received approval from the Senate and the House past May 1954. The first positive action to overstate the seaway was taken on May 13, 1954, when U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Wiley-Dondero Seaway Act^[three] to authorize articulation construction and found the St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation as the U.South. authority. The need for cheap haulage of Quebec-Labrador iron ore was one of the arguments that finally swung the residuum in favor of the seaway. Groundbreaking ceremonies took place in Massena, New York, on August 10, 1954. That twelvemonth John C. Beukema was appointed by Eisenhower to the five-fellow member St. Lawrence Seaway Advisory Board.

In May 1957, the Connecting Channels Projection was begun by the U.s.a. Army Corps of Engineers. Past 1959, Beukema was on board the U.South. Coast Guard cutter Maple for the kickoff trip through the U.S. locks, which opened up the Great Lakes to oceangoing ships. On April 25, 1959,^[iv] large, deep-draft ocean vessels began streaming to the heart of the Due north American continent through the seaway, a project supported by every administration from Woodrow Wilson through Eisenhower.

In the U.s., N. R. Danelian (who was the manager of the xiii-book St. Lawrence Seaway Survey in the U.S. Department of Navigation (1932–63)), worked with the U.S. Secretary of State on Canadian-U.S. issues regarding the seaway, persevering through 15 years to gain passage by Congress of the Seaway Act. He later on became president of the Swell Lakes St. Lawrence Clan to promote seaway development to benefit the American heartland. The seaway was heavily promoted past the Eisenhower administration, which had been concerned with a lack of The states control.^[5]

The seaway opened in 1959 and toll C$470 million, $336.2 one thousand thousand of which was paid by the Canadian government.^[6] Elizabeth 2, Queen of Canada and American President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally opened the seaway with a short cruise aboard the imperial yacht HMYBritannia after addressing crowds in Saint-Lambert, Quebec. 22,000 workers were employed at i fourth dimension or another on the project, a 3,700 km (2,300 mi)-long superhighway for bounding main freighters.^[5] Port of Milwaukee director Harry C. Brockel forecast simply before the Seaway opened in 1959 that "The St. Lawrence Seaway will be the greatest single development of this century in its furnishings on Milwaukee'southward hereafter growth and prosperity." Lester Olsen, president of the Milwaukee Association of Commerce, said, "The magnitude and potential of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the power project stir the imagination of the globe."^[5]

The seaway's opening is often credited with making the Erie Canal obsolete and causing the severe economical decline of several cities along the canal in Upstate New York. But by the turn of the 20th century, the Erie Culvert had already been largely supplanted past the railroads, which had been constructed across New York and could bear freight more than quickly and cheaply. Upstate New York's economic turn down was precipitated past numerous factors, only some of which had to do with the St. Lawrence Seaway.

Under the Canada Marine Act (1998), the Canadian portions of the seaway were gear up up with a not-profit corporate construction; this legislation also introduced changes to federal ports.^[seven]

Great Lakes and seaway shipping generates $3.iv billion in business organisation revenue annually in the United States. In 2002, ships moved 222 meg tonnes of cargo through the seaway. Overseas shipments, mostly of entering steel and outbound grain, accounted for fifteen.4 million tonnes, or 6.ix%, of the total cargo moved.^[5] In 2004, seaway grain exports deemed for near 3.6% of U.S. overseas grain shipments, according to the U.S. Grains Council. In a typical yr, seaway steel imports account for around half-dozen% of the U.Due south. annual total. The cost revenue obtained from ocean vessels is virtually 25–30% of cargo acquirement.^[v] The Port of Duluth shipped just over ii.five million tonnes of grain, which is less than the port typically moved in the decade before the seaway opened Lake Superior to deep-typhoon oceangoing vessels in 1959.^[5]

International changes take afflicted aircraft through the seaway. Europe is no longer a major grain importer; big U.S. consign shipments are at present going to South America, Asia, and Africa. These destinations brand Gulf and West Coast ports more critical to 21st-century grain exports. Referring to the seaway projection, a retired Iowa State Academy economics professor who specialized in transportation issues said, "It probably did make sense, at about the time information technology (the Seaway) was constructed and conceived, but since then everything has inverse."^[v]

Certain seaway users have been concerned about the low water levels of the Great Lakes that have been recorded since 2010.^[viii]

Expansion proposal [edit]

The Panama Canal was completed in 1914 and besides serves oceangoing traffic. In the 1950s, seaway designers chose not to build the locks to friction match the size of ships permitted past the 1914 locks at the Panama Culvert (965 by 106 feet (294 by 32 chiliad), known as the Panamax limit). Instead, the seaway locks were built to lucifer the smaller locks of Welland Culvert, which opened in 1932. The seaway locks permit passage of a ship 740 anxiety (230 m) long past 78 feet (24 thou) feet broad (the Seawaymax limit).^[5]

The U.Due south. Ground forces Corps of Engineers conducted a study to expand the St. Lawrence Seaway, simply the plan was scrapped in 2011 because of tight budgets.^{[nine] [10]}

Locks in the St. Lawrence River [edit]

Iroquois Locks

Beauharnois Lock

St. Lambert Lock

At that place are seven locks in the St. Lawrence River portion of the seaway. From downstream to upstream they are:^[eleven]

1. St. Lambert Lock—Saint Lambert, QC
2. Côte Ste. Catherine Lock—Sainte-Catherine, QC
3. Beauharnois Locks (two locks)—Melocheville, QC, at 45°eighteen′12.half-dozen″N 73°55′36.five″W  /  45.303500°N 73.926806°Westward  / 45.303500; -73.926806 and 45°xix′0.i″North 73°55′6.half dozen″W  /  45.316694°N 73.918500°W  / 45.316694; -73.918500
4. Snell Lock—Massena, NY
5. Eisenhower Lock—Massena, NY
6. Iroquois Lock—Iroquois, ON, at 44°49′48″N 75°eighteen′46.8″W  /  44.83000°North 75.313000°Due west  / 44.83000; -75.313000

H2o Level Elevations:

• Lake Ontario is 243 ft (74.ane m) above bounding main level.
• The drop through Iroquois Lock is 1 ft (0.3 1000).
• Lake St. Lawrence is 242 ft (73.8 one thousand) to a higher place sea level.
• The drib through Eisenhower Lock is 38 ft (11.6 m).
• The Wiley-Dondero Canal is 204 ft (62.2 k) above sea level.
• The drib through Snell Lock is 45 ft (13.7 m).
• Lake St. Francis is 159 ft (48.5 m) in a higher place bounding main level .
• The drop through Upper Beauharnois Lock is 41 ft (12.5 m).
• The Beauharnois Canal is 118 ft (36.0 thou) to a higher place sea level.
• The driblet through Lower Beauharnois Lock is 41 ft (12.v m).
• Lake St. Louis is 77 ft (23.5 m) to a higher place sea level.
• The drop through Côte Ste. Catherine Lock is 30 ft (9.i thousand).
• Laprairie Bowl is 47 ft (14.3 1000) in a higher place sea level.
• The drop through St. Lambert Lock is 15 ft (4.six m).
• The driblet through the Lachine Rapids is a few feet.
• Montreal Harbour is approximately 30 ft (9.1 m) above sea level.

Locks in the Welland Culvert [edit]

At that place are eight locks on the Welland Canal. From the north to the southward, at that place is lock ane at Port Weller, followed by Lock 2 and and so Lock 3, a site with a visitors' information eye and museum in St. Catharines, Ontario. There are four locks in Thorold, Ontario, including twin-flight locks 4, five and 6, with Lock seven leading up to the main channel. The Lake Erie level control lock sits in Port Colborne, Ontario.

Locks 4, v, half-dozen, & 7 on the Welland Canal

Lock, channel dimensions, and additional statistical data [edit]

The size of vessels that tin can traverse the seaway is limited by the size of locks. Locks on the St. Lawrence and on the Welland Canal are 766 ft (233.5 m) long, eighty ft (24.4 m) wide, and thirty ft (ix.fourteen m) deep. The maximum immune vessel size is slightly smaller: 740 ft (225.6 one thousand) long, 78 ft (23.8 chiliad) wide, and 26.5 ft (8.1 m) deep. Many vessels designed for employ on the Not bad Lakes following the opening of the seaway were built to the maximum size permissible past the locks, known informally every bit Seawaymax or Seaway-Max. Large vessels of the lake freighter fleet are built on the lakes and cannot travel downstream beyond the Welland Culvert. On the remaining Peachy Lakes, these ships are constrained but past the largest lock on the Great Lakes Waterway, the Poe Lock at the Soo Locks (at Sault Ste. Marie), which is 1,200 ft (365.8 chiliad) long, 110 ft (33.five m) broad and 32 ft (9.8 chiliad) deep.

A vessel's draft is another obstruction to passage on the seaway, particularly in connecting waterways such as the St. Lawrence River. The depth in the seaway's channels is 41 ft (12.5 yard) (Panamax-depth) downstream of Quebec City, 35 ft (10.7 one thousand) between Quebec City and Deschaillons, 37 ft (11.three m) to Montreal, and 27 ft (eight.ii one thousand) upstream of Montreal. Channel depths and express lock sizes meant only ten% of current oceangoing ships, which have been built much larger than in the 1950s, can traverse the entire seaway. Proposals to expand the seaway, dating from as early every bit the 1960s, have been rejected since the late 20th century as likewise plush. In add-on, researchers, policy makers, and the public are much more aware of the environmental issues that take accompanied seaway development and are reluctant to open the Nifty Lakes to more invasions of dissentious species, besides every bit associated issues along the canals and river. Questions have been raised equally to whether such infrastructure costs could ever exist recovered. Lower water levels in the Great Lakes accept also posed problems for some vessels in recent years, and pose greater bug to communities, industries, and agriculture in the region.

While the seaway is (as of 2010) mostly used for shipping bulk cargo, the possibility of its apply for large-calibration container shipping is under consideration as well. If the expansion project goes ahead, feeder ships would accept containers from the port of Oswego on Lake Ontario in upstate New York to Melford International Terminal in Nova Scotia for transfer to larger oceangoing ships.^[12]

A website hosts measurements of wind, water, levels and h2o temperatures.^[13] A real-time interactive map of seaway locks, vessels, and ports is available at.^[14] The NOAA-funded Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard compiles statistics on water depth at various points along the seaway.^[fifteen]

Ecology [edit]

To create a navigable channel through the Long Sault rapids and to let hydroelectric stations to be established immediately upriver from Cornwall, Ontario, and Massena, New York, Lake St. Lawrence was created behind a dam. This required the condemnation and conquering past the government of all the properties of six villages and three hamlets in Ontario; these are at present collectively known as The Lost Villages.^[sixteen] The surface area was flooded on July 1, 1958, creating the lake. In that location was also flood on the New York side of the border, and the hamlet of Louisville Landing was submerged.

A notable adverse environmental issue of the operation of the seaway has been the introduction of numerous invasive species of aquatic animals into the Slap-up Lakes Basin. The zebra mussel has been most damaging in the Swell Lakes and through its invasion of related rivers, waterways, and metropolis water facilities. Invasive species and artificial h2o level controls imposed by the seaway take had a negative impact on recreational fishing.^[17]

The seaway, along with the St. Lawrence River it passes through, also provides opportunities for outdoor recreation, such as boating, camping ground, fishing, and scuba diving. Of note, the Former Power House about Lock 23 (near Morrisburg, Ontario) became an attractive site for scuba defined. The submerged stone edifice has go covered with barnacles and is home to an abundance of underwater life.^[18] The seaway passes through the St. Lawrence River, which provides a number of divable shipwrecks within recreational scuba limits (shallower than 130 ft (xl yard)). The region besides offers technical diving, with some wrecks lying at 240 ft (73 thousand). The water temperature can be equally warm as 75 °F (24 °C) during the mid- to tardily-summer months. The first 10 ft (iii g) of Lake Ontario is warmed and enters the St. Lawrence River, every bit the fast-moving water torso has no thermocline circulation.

On July 12, 2010, Richelieu (owned by Canada Steamship Lines) ran ashore later losing power near the Côte-Sainte-Catherine lock. The grounding punctured a fuel tank, spilling an estimated 200 tonnes of diesel, covering approximately 500 m². The seaway and lock were shut downward to help contain the spill.^[nineteen]

International trade and tourism [edit]

The seaway is important for American and Canadian international trade. Information technology handles forty–50 meg annual tonnes of cargo. About fifty% of this cargo carried travels to and from international ports in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. The residue comprises coastal merchandise, or short ocean aircraft, between various American and Canadian ports.^[20] Amongst international shippers are plant:

• Polsteam, which maintains a fleet of dry-bulk only vessels that transit every two weeks from the Dutch town of IJmuiden to Duluth, Minnesota
• Fednav Group, a private^[21] international dry-bulk just ocean transportation grouping, with routes between the Port of Antwerp and Sorel, Quebec, fifty-fifty in wintertime^[22]
• Earth Shipping Inc., a privately endemic^[23] global logistics functioning^[24]
• Canfornav, a subsidiary of Canfor,^[25] which does dry bulk only and registers well-nigh of its vessels in Cyprus
• American Steamship Company, a subsidiary of the Full general American Transportation Corporation (GATX)^[26]
• Rand Logistics, which was formed from the acquisition of Lower Lakes Towing Ltd,^[27] and does non ship containers
• McKeil Marine, headquartered in Hamilton, which provides service to Chill ports^[28]
• Groupe Desgagnés,^[29]
• The Port of Montreal is the site of operations of
  • Maersk Line, a unit of the A.P. Moller-Maersk Group
  • Mediterranean Shipping Company
  • Compagnie Maritime d'Affrètement / Compagnie Generale Maritime, a French transshipper
  • Hapag-Lloyd acquired the Port of Montreal docks of, forth with the balance of, CP Ships in 2005
  • Orient Overseas Container Line, a Hong Kong-based multinational
• Arrimage Quebec, which has stevedoring operations in Baie-Comeau, Becancour, Chicago, Cote-Sainte-Catherine, Gaspe, Gros-Cacouna, Hamilton, Matane, Oshawa, Pointe-au-Motion-picture show, Port Colborne, Portneuf, Quebec, Rimouski, Saguenay, Sept-Iles, Sorel-Tracy, St. Catharines, and other ports in the Maritime provinces of Canada.^[30]

The St. Lawrence Seaway (along with ports in Quebec) is the main route for Ontario grain exports to overseas markets.^[31] Its fees are publicly known, and were limited in 2013 to an increment of 3%.^[32] A trained pilot is required for whatever foreign merchandise vessel.^[33] A set of rules and regulations are available to help transit.^[34]

Commercial vessel transit information is hosted on the U.S. St. Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation website.

Since 1997, international cruise liners have been known to transit the seaway. The Hapag-Lloyd Christopher Columbus carried 400 passengers to Duluth, Minnesota, that yr. Since and so, the number of annual seaway cruising passengers has increased to xiv,000.^[35]

Every twelvemonth, more than 2,000 recreational boats, of more than 20 ft and i ton, transit the seaway.^[36] The tolls have been fixed for 2017 at $30 per lock. There is a $5 per lock discount for payment in advance.^[37] Lockages are scheduled 12 hours a twenty-four hours between the hours of 07:00 and 19:00 from June 15 to September 15.^[38]

A listing of organisations that serve the seaway in some fashion, such as chambers of commerce and municipal or port authorities, is available at the SLSDC website. A 56-page electronic "Groovy Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System" Directory is published past Harbor House Publishers.^[39]

Map [edit]

Map of the earth Peachy Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway from 1959, depicting the unabridged length beginning at the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the east to the westernmost terminus at Lake Superior.

See besides [edit]

References [edit]

Notes

1. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2014-08-15 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
2. ^ "Cursory History of the Welland Canal and the Welland Recreational Culvert" (PDF). Welland Recreational Culvert Corporation. Retrieved September 1, 2016.
3. ^ "GreatLakesSeawayNews.com". GreatLakesSeawayNews.com . Retrieved Nov 25, 2016.
4. ^ Rodrigue, Jean-Paul. "The St. Lawrence Seaway and Regional Development". The Geography of Transport Systems. Hofstra University. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2015-04-23 .
5. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g h} Egan, Dan (October 30, 2005). "Sinking treasure". Jsonline.com . Retrieved Nov 25, 2016.
6. ^ "History of the St. Lawrence Seaway" (PDF). Infrastructure Canada. Infrastructure.gc.ca. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 25, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2010.
7. ^ "Canada Marine Act (1998, c. 10)". Send Canada.
8. ^ "Great Lakes low h2o levels could cost $19B by 2050". CBC News. The Canadian Press. June 27, 2014. Retrieved Oct eleven, 2016.
9. ^ United states of america Army Corps of Engineers, "Weighing Costs-Benefits of Expanding the St. Lawrence Seaway", California Country University
10. ^ Michelle McQuigge (2011-08-16). "St. Lawrence Seaway Expansion Plans Nixed: Report". Huffingtonpost.ca . Retrieved 2016-xi-25 .
11. ^ "Seaway Organization". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Archived from the original on 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2016-eleven-25 .
12. ^ John Doherty, "Oswego Considered For Major Container Port: Plan calls for $3M facility to create first Great Lakes site handling global container shipments" Archived 2009-06-23 at the Wayback Motorcar, Syracuse Postal service-Standard, October 22, 2008.
13. ^ "Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway System". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved November 25, 2016.
14. ^ "Seaway System". Greatlakes-seaway.com. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
15. ^ noaa.gov: "Great Lakes Water Level Dashboard", accessed July 2014.
16. ^ "The Lost Villages". The Ottawa Citizen. June 28, 2008. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-fifteen. Retrieved 2015-06-06 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
18. ^ "History". Morrisburg.ca. 1958-07-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
19. ^ CBC News (July thirteen, 2010). "Transport's fuel leaks into St. Lawrence Seaway". CBC. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
20. ^ "Introducing the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway Arrangement" (PDF). St. Lawrence Seaway Direction Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2013-01-02 .
21. ^ "Fednav Limited – Montreal – Ship chartering, Shipping agency, Marine Agencies, Tie-downs, Stevedoring, Boats, Boats repair and maintenance, International commerce, Ship owning, Navigation services, Exportation services, Water ice navigation services, Logistic services, Transportation, Transportation of bulk, Oceanic transportation". Occq-Qcco.com. 1974-08-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
22. ^ "Liner Aircraft: Falline". Fednav.com . Retrieved 2016-eleven-25 .
23. ^ "World Shipping, Inc.: Private Visitor Data – Bloomberg". Investing.businessweek.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
24. ^ "World Shipping, Inc". Worldshipping.com. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
25. ^ "Nearly us". Canfornav.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
26. ^ "American Steamship Company". Americansteamship.com . Retrieved 2016-eleven-25 .
27. ^ "About Rand". Rand Logistics, Inc. Retrieved 2016-xi-25 .
28. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-04. Retrieved 2014-01-02 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
29. ^ "Groupe Desgagnés". Desgagnes.com. 2015-12-01. Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
30. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-xi. Retrieved 2014-01-04 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
31. ^ "Wheat Export". Grain Farmers of Ontario.
32. ^ "Seaway System – Commercial Aircraft – Toll Schedule". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved 2016-eleven-25 .
33. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-02-13. Retrieved 2013-12-03 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
34. ^ "Seaway Organisation – Commercial Shipping – Transiting the Seaway". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
35. ^ "Cruising the Great Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway" Archived 2013-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, p. 1, Seaway, United states of america Dept. of Transportation
36. ^ "Seaway Organization – Recreational Boating". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
37. ^ "Seaway System – Recreational Canoeing – Pleasure Craft Tolls". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
38. ^ "Seaway System – Recreational Canoeing – Lockage Schedule". Greatlakes-seaway.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .
39. ^ "Swell Lakes St. Lawrence Seaway Directory". Harborhouse.com . Retrieved 2016-11-25 .

Further reading [edit]

• Macfarlane, Daniel (2014). Negotiating a River: Canada, the U.s.a., and the Creation of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Vancouver: UBC Press.
• Parr, Joy (2010). Sensing Changes: Technologies, Environments, and the Everyday, 1953-2003. Vancouver: UBC Press.
• Puccia Parham, Claire (2009), The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction bear witness on earth, Syracuse University Press, ISBN978-0-8156-0913-one
• St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation (2006) "Seaway Handbook" Archived 2009-06-17 at the Wayback Automobile Cornwall, Ontario, Canada.
• Willoughby, William R. (1961). The St. Lawrence Waterway: A Study in Politics and Affairs. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press.

External links [edit]

• Tommy Trent'south ABC's of the Seaway, a brochure for young people Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
• Corking Lakes St Lawrence Seaway Organisation web site Archived 2009-06-07 at the Wayback Machine
• The St Lawrence Seaway Evolution Corporation
• "Stairways to the Seas". Popular Mechanics, January 1959, pp. 97–103. Particular article with illustrations of lock system.
• St. Lawrence Seaway April 25, 1959 Archived March 18, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
• Documents and Photographs relating to the St. Lawrence Seaway, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Archived 2017-07-06 at the Wayback Auto
• The Lost Villages Historical Social club
• Extract from the Illustrated London News, January xi, 1862 describing the Canals of Canada.
• The Great Waterway: a site dedicated to tourism forth the waterway from Lake Ontario to Cornwall and the Seaway Valley
• Exchange of Notes, amending 1959 Understanding of Application of Tolls
• CBC Digital Archives — The St Lawrence Seaway: Gateway to the world
• Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law Come across Great Lakes; St. Lawrence River and Seaway. Peace Palace Library
• Aqueduct Depth and Width and Length
• A film clip "Longines Chronoscope with George A. Dondero" is available at the Net Archive
• St. Lawrence Waterway Project Report Clippings, 1921 Brock University Library Digital Repository
• CONSTRUCTION OF THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY "THE Eighth SEA" on YouTube

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway

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